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Recycling organic waste into soil amendments and animal feed through a transdisciplinary approach – this is what the RUNRES project, launched in four sub-Saharan African countries four years ago, seeks to achieve. Now the promising results of the first phase are to be upscaled. Three of the project's scientists report.
This article first appeared in Rural21 and is part of a media cooperation between Rural21 and foodfortransformation.org.
The RUNRES project – in full, The Rural-Urban Nexus: Establishing a Nutrient Loop to Improve City Region Food System Resilience – aims to set a key step in the transformation towards a circular and more sustainable agriculture and waste management in four city regions of sub-Saharan African countries: DR Congo, Ethiopia, Rwanda and South Africa. It is funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and entails two main phases: a piloting phase (2019–23) and a scaling-up phase (2023–27). The aim of the first phase was to pilot a set of innovations and evaluate their ability to contribute to a circular economy by linking organic waste management to agriculture. For this, we took a transdisciplinary research approach, where we co-produced the different innovations with different actors: waste collectors, farmers’ cooperatives, collection and treatment companies, and regulators. This approach made it possible to co-develop innovations between science and practice that are tailored for the local context.
The innovations co-developed in phase 1 can be classified in three types: recycling organic and food waste; recycling human waste, faeces and urine; and supporting small-scale processing in relation to the flows of recycled organic waste. For each of these innovations, we ensured that they were technically feasible, that regulatory standards were met and that the output would have a meaningful impact in terms of circular economy. In addition, we evaluated how the different actors and their respective sectors integrated along with the project.
Circulating organic waste back to agriculture
By circulating organic waste back to agriculture, the innovations contribute to improved environmental and human health, one of our main objectives. For example, organic waste collected from urban centres of the city regions, transported and processed into compost, have the capacity to provide critically needed organic soil inputs for farmers in rural areas. These innovations simultaneously alleviate environmental and human health challenges in these urban centres, while also improving soil health and fertility in the adjacent agricultural zones.
In RUNRES, we used an array of technologies that we co-developed with different local actors to make them viable to the realities on the ground. The technologies that proved to be viable during our piloting phase are:
In addition, we supported small-scale food production, for instance through producing banana flour as a substitute for cereal-based flour, also adapted as baby-food (Ethiopia). Piloting these innovations enabled us to see what bottlenecks exist to their application at a larger scale, given the local context of the four participating countries.
Ensuring quality standards
The use of organic and human waste by farmers poses a number of risks due to possible pathogen and pollutant accumulation in the products. Therefore, we set up a quality assurance programme aiming to measure the following parameters to guarantee the quality of the products: the agronomic parameters, for instance nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and carbon, the level of pathogens, for example Escherichia coli or Helminths’ eggs, and the amount of heavy metals, for instance lead or cadmium. Overall, it has become apparent that soil inputs produced through the project have agronomic parameters similar to compost which can be found on the market. We could also show that the processes set in place deactivated harmful pathogens. The remaining challenge is the level of some heavy metals, which exceeded the norms in some places, although these cases were rather exceptional.
Settings for upscaling
The innovations piloted during the first project phase were, inter alia, selected according to their potential viability for scaling. The different innovations will have three different settings to allow an upscaling in capacity and space:
Upscaling: this setting will be the next step for existing consortia which we piloted in Phase 1, and which are already working on RUNRES innovations. In this setting, the existing innovations will continue to grow, aiming to reach a larger output with a strongly decreased intensity of financial contribution through the project.
Replicating: In this setting, most of the innovations will be replicated through other transdisciplinary consortia, i.e. implemented in other places by other actors. The development of these innovations is to be directly supported through technical backup and co-financing by the RUNRES core team. However, the project’s financial contribution for this setting will be significantly lower per unit of output compared to Phase 1, since the expertise has already been developed through the piloting.
Supporting: This last setting will take place in the form of indirect support to implement RUNRES innovations by other actors who have their own financial means for implementation. The actors we target are already active in organic waste recovery, but may be in a different area of the countries we focus on. The project will not directly financially support these innovations but will provide indirect support by making available its acquired knowledge in the successful implementation of the innovations.
The different innovation settings of the second phase will be deployed timely over four years. While the initial focus is to be on upscaling the innovations from Phase 1 that have been evaluated as suitable for upscaling, we aim in parallel at replicating these innovations in different places with new actors. This will take place through public-private partnerships and through the co-development of business plans with the new actors, with the aim of leveraging financial resources from existing business development institutions. While some innovations are to be upscaled through the private sector, others will require committed support from the public sector, for instance for organic-waste sorting and collection at a household level. Finally, later in time, we aim at supporting any actors interested in recovering organic waste through the quality assurance capacity developed along with the project. In this way, we will be able to first scale up and then scale out to make a substantial contribution to sustainability through a large deployment of circular economy solutions.