In an interview by Gesche Schifferdecker and Rosa Castañeda (European Forest Institue, Bonn), Dr. Gerhard Langenberger, Initiative for Sustainable Agricultural Supply Chains (INA), talked about his field of expertise – natural rubber – and why discussions on deforestation didn’t play a dominant role in the rubber sector in the past. Also, he discuessed the challenges and opportunities for smallholder farmers in Asian countries as well as for international forest governance – and how the local and the international environment influence each other. But what does “deforestation-free” actually mean?And how can we as consumers influence the market to reduce land degradation and support sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation?
The Initiative für Nachhaltige Agrarlieferketten (INA) is an alliance of stakeholders from the private sector, civil society and politics and part of the Nachhaltige Lieferketten und Standards (Sustainable Supply Chains and Standards) program of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). Its goal is to achieve greater sustainability in global agricultural supply chains and to improve the living conditions of smallholder farmers. To achieve this, INA works independently of individual commodities, instead focusing on the development of sustainable regions in which a cross-commodity approach is applied.
The term “deforestation-free supply chain” has – despite its obvious high importance due to increasing forest- and biodiversity loss worldwide – almost become a buzzword in international debates. So we wonder: What does „deforestation-free supply chain” mean – especially referring to rubber production, which is your field of expertise?
Dr. Gerhard Langenberger: While many people might know that cocoa or coffee are tropical products mainly produced by smallholders, only very few will know anything about natural rubber, despite it is an industrial raw material being used in a high number of products (such as truck tires, mattresses, or surgical gloves). But these products are hardly associated with agriculture. Therefore, the discussion on deforestation didn’t play a dominant role in the rubber sector in the past.
When we refer to “deforestation-free” production it is important to be aware of the time factor.
The agricultural evolution from hunter-gatherer to farmer took mainly place at the expense of forests. Therefore, the so-called ‘cut-off’ date has been introduced to define the date after which the removal of forests for the production of a commodity is formally classified as ‘deforestation’. All other production taking place on land that has been deforested before the cut-off date is classified as deforestation-free.
Natural rubber (NR) is a somewhat ambivalent ‘commodity’ since it is mainly produced in tree monocultures and rather resembles forest plantations than the typical agricultural crop. But the fact that its major task is to produce rubber instead of timber makes it an agricultural product. Nevertheless, the extension of NR-plantations between 2001 and 2015 has been associated with a deforestation of 2.1 Mio hectares. And this might even be a clear understatement since official data for Mainland Southeast Asia, which experienced a tremendous extension of NR-plantations, are missing. Currently, the pressure on forests due to NR-expansion is not very pronounced because NR-prices are low. But market forecasts predict a growth beyond 4% for the years to come. Naturally, this requires either an extension of area with a high risk of deforestation or an increase of productivity. For sure, the latter should be aspired. This requires an improvement of skills combined with powerful planting material and an adapted management. These are the challenges ahead of the NR industry.
How does international forest governance influence the sustainability of supply chains? What do governments do already – and where can they improve?
In my opinion a single sector can hardly handle the complexity of the challenges. Thus, agricultural expansion is inextricably connected to forest governance since forests are usually repositories for agricultural land. Therefore, it is crucial that the different sectors cooperate, and both develop and implement a common land-use planning which safeguards sustainability.
Do we have international standards? Are they sufficient?
We don’t have a specific ‘standard’ for the ‘sustainable’ production of natural rubber, but approaches addressing different aspects. But there is definitely a lack of common understanding concerning the meaning of ‘sustainable rubber’.
Coming back to the crucial collaboration between different sectors, where does this leave us as consumers? How can we as consumers make a change?
First of all, we need to be aware that we are ‘consumers’. Our use of resources has considerable impacts far away from us. Therefore, a conscious and critical consumption of resources is essential. That doesn’t necessarily mean asceticism but requires the awareness that resources are more than just a price tag. A conscious consumption comprises asking questions (to the seller, producer) as ‘where does the product come from’ and ‘how is it produced’? We also need to ask ourselves: Does this product fulfill my ethical values concerning human rights, child labor, salaries, and so on? When sufficient consumers ask such questions, providers will react. For sure, this doesn’t replace the necessary setting of legal framework conditions, but it is an important step.
What are the issues people are facing on the ground in the producer countries – and what are the challenges to address when looking at international supply chains?
For smallholder farmers safeguarding their livelihood is the priority. There is a complex of low prices, competition with other commodities (e.g. oil palm versus rubber), land scarcity, lack of ownership rights, rural-urban migration and thus lack of work force. Beyond the complexity of production, the supply chain and the respective price policies are usually little transparent.
How do rubber farmers and manufacturer companies agree on a deforestation-free supply chain?
Usually, rubber manufacturers cannot trace back their commodities to the farm level but rather to the local factory where the raw rubber (technically specified rubber, sheets) is produced. The supply chain between rubber factory and farm is often quite complicated and involves different degrees of middlemen. There is a trend towards increasing transparency by reducing the number of middlemen, documenting the delivering farmers and measuring their farms via polygons.
Therefore, the ‘discussion’ on deforestation-free production will require the consideration of the – often missing – links between factory and smallholder producer.
What kind of incentives are there for the rubber smallholders to work in a sustainable way? This is an ambivalent question since it assumes that there is a common understanding of sustainability. But what people from the “rich North” define as sustainable or sustainability might not be of any direct relevance to smallholders. As emphasized above already: The very first objective of smallholders is safeguarding their livelihood. As long as daily needs for food, health care, nourishing children, etc. are not secured, ethical questions about biodiversity or climate change or any other priority of the “rich North” are secondary or tertiary to smallholder farmers.
Why do manufacturers decide to use materials from fair trade/sustainable sources? In my opinion it is again necessary to differentiate. Generally, there is the pressure of NGOs and a reputational risk for manufacturers. Additionally, international legislation will play an increasing role. I still remember the Gibson-Case ten years ago: Gibson Guitar settles probe into illegal wood imports | Reuters, when the famous company Gibson Guitar was forced to pay a $300,000 penalty under a criminal enforcement agreement with federal prosecutors in the US, after it admitted to possible illegal purchases of ebony from Madagascar. Future international legislation might further aggravate the situation for manufacturers. And finally, there might still be another incentive, especially for owner-managed companies, and that’s ethics. This aspect might probably not so much be pronounced in stock market companies …
Why should companies choose a deforestation-free production? Ideally, they would do that due to ethical reasons. But to stay realistic, the current developments in legislation towards deforestation-free-supply-chains will make it necessary that companies understand their supply chains and assure that their products won’t be associated with deforestation.
Would using materials from fair trade increase the price of products?
The increase of production standards requires additional inputs. This refers to the upstream level/on the field through improved agricultural practices (e.g. the application of good agricultural practices, integrated pest management, etc.), or along the supply chain through safeguarding traceability. If this isn’t reflected in higher prices someone else has to cover the costs, probably the farmers. But if that’s the case, farmers might even turn away from ‘sustainable production’.
What can international forest governance (or international agreements?) contribute to prompt sustainable development in Asian rubber farming communities? Since rubber plantations are mostly under agricultural legislation it requires an intersectoral or holistic approach covering a common land-planning, priority setting, identification of HCV/HCS-areas. For instance High Conservation Value (HCV) and High Carbon Stock (HCS) approaches to land-use planning are used to identify and protect important environmental and social values that need to be conserved. For more info check out this short explanatory video: HCV and HCS for Consumer Goods Companies. The new legal initiatives towards deforestation-free supply chains will definitely be a game changer since companies will be forced to analyze their supply chains.
How relevant is the improvement of livelihoods of the smallholder farmers and communities for the international forest governance? This is again an interesting and ambivalent question. Sometimes it is argued that low incomes result in plantation expansion and thus the loss of forest since farmers simply need more land to survive. On the other hand, one could observe a tremendous expansion of rubber plantation area during the high price period at the beginning of the millennium. While currently, under a low-price regime, farmers rather look for off-farm income options or shift to other, more profitable crops rather than to continue with rubber tapping.
In the beginning of this interview, you have mentioned the extension of NR-plantations between 2001 and 2015, which has been associated with a deforestation of 2.1 Mio hectares. Despite your observations of the current situation, when farmers turn to more profitable crops: How is the expansion of rubber plantations affecting natural forests?
We have to distinguish between the establishment of new rubber plantations on agricultural land, ‘degraded land’ or at the expense of natural forest.
As any other deforestation the expansion of NR-plantations into intact forests leads to biodiversity loss, erosion (at least during some periods of the plantation life cycle and depending on the management), drop in CO2 storage. In case natural rubber replaces annual crops, it can be even environmentally beneficial since there will be a tree cover and soil protection for nearly 30 years. Additionally, the rubber timber can be used and provide additional income at the end of the rubber life cycle. Thus, it can contribute to a reduction of pressure on natural forests. The establishment of plantations on so-called degraded land is ambivalent since such areas are often covered by a diverse coverage of secondary vegetation (succession) which might be of considerable ecological value. The same is true for secondary forest. Anyway, the terms degraded land and secondary growth might often be used synonymously.
Finally, let’s talk about some good practice examples: Could you name any success cases of alternatives to conventional cultivation? Organic farming seems to me one option where markets are willing to pay the additional costs of production, but this is usually only true for consumables with an ‘emotional value’ as cocoa, coffee, nuts, etc. This is hardly the case for NR, which is a ‘hidden commodity champion’, but not really ‘sexy’ when it comes to marketing. I only know Einhorn condoms which managed to attract considerable attention with a smart and cheeky advertising. They initiated the Regenerative Rubber Initiative, which follows a holistic approach towards sustainability. Nevertheless, they only represent a tiny fraction of international rubber trade.
Another interesting approach is the ‘responsibly sourced rubber’ initiative implemented in Westkalimantan by Continental and GIZ. But there are many other initiatives and companies, respectively, addressing sustainability aspects at different levels.
Written by Sche Schifferdecker and Rosa Castañeda, this interview first appeared as a post on EFI's website. More information on resilience and what EFI is doing to protect the forest on the website.
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110 speakers from 120 countries met virtually at the Global Forum for Food and Agriculture (GFFA) to discuss the challenges to global food supply. They asked the question: How can food systems support the health of people and the planet?
Africa is home to the world’s youngest and fastest growing population. For many young people, agriculture could offer a job perspective. But to improve the living conditions and job prospects of young people in rural areas, political reforms and investments are desperately needed, as these people will be at the centre of agriculture and agricultural development in the future.
A contribution by Heike Baumüller, Christine Husmann, Julia Machovsky-Smid, Oliver Kirui, Justice Tambo
Any initiative whose aim is to reduce poverty in Africa should focus first on agriculture. But what kind of investment has the greatest impact? The use of scientific criteria provides some answers.
Joe DeVries is a breeder – and Vice President of AGRA (Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa). What are the chances and risks of a ’green revolution‘ in Africa? A discourse between Jan Rübel and him about productivity, needs, and paternalism.
Stefan Liebing is chairman of the Africa Association of German Business. The manager calls for a better structure of African farms. Jan Rübel asked him about small farmers, the opportunities for German start-ups and a new fund.
The Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) was launched by the G20 countries in 2010 in response to the 2008-09 food price crisis to increase both public and private investment in agriculture. An overview of the programme's approach, results and impact.
The COVID 19 pandemic is hitting developing and emerging countries and their poorest populations particularly hard. It is important to take countermeasures at an early stage. Companies in the German agricultural sector want to make their contribution to ensuring the availability of urgently needed operating resources.
What do electrical engineering, telecommunications and agriculture have in common? They arouse the passion of Strive Masiyiwa: Thirty years ago, he started an electrical installation company with $75, later riding the telecommunications wave as a pioneer. Today he is committed to transforming African agriculture.
An Interview with Francisco Marí (Brot für die Welt)
Brot für die Welt (Bread for the World) did not attend the UNFSS pre-summit. Instead, the organisation took part in a counter-summit that took place at the same time. A conversation with Francisco Marí about the reasons, the process - and an outlook for the future
Vitamin-poor nutrition must become more expensive, in-vitro meat is not a panacea, and agricultural systems should be more decentralised. Bioland President Jan Plagge in an interview about the challenge of (future) world nutrition.
Genetically modified bacteria become edible proteins, cows graze on pasture, and no waste is produced in an industrial circular economy. Journalist Jan Grossarth sees a silver lining for the future of world nutrition
Out of 40 consortia that applied from all over the world, 14 were invited to present their innovative concept on agroecological approaches in the form of an online pitch and to face the questions of an international jury of experts. Find out which six semi-finalists were selected by the jury and what happens next in this article.
The future is rural. Young African entrepreneurs gave their generation a vocie during the G-20 conference in Berlin. "World Without Hunger" asked six of them, how more jobs can be created in rural areas.
An Interview with Shamika Mone (INOFO) and Elizabeth Nsimadala (EAFF)
At the UN Food Systems Summit, farmers organizations have been represented on the international stage for the first time ever. Two representatives talk about bridging personal aspirations with the representation of regional needs and international negotiations.
How the UN Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests (VGGT) contribute to fairer and more secure land access.
Indian farmers restore precious soil material combining traditional with innovative approaches. A case example how governance, agriculture and development cooperation can work together to combat climate change.
At the ICTforAg conference in March 2022, the digital agriculture community exchanged on the challenges and opportunities associated with the next green revolution.
Based on a scientific study by TMG Think Tank, the authors highlight various challenges in the fight against the hunger crisis. The findings show that climate change, conflict and covid-19 are increasing food and energy prices.
Nations adopted four goals and 23 targets for 2030 to foster biodiversity conservation and counter acceleration in the global rate of species extinction at the UN Biodiversity Conference (COP15).
The potential the African food sector holds is still far too strongly associated with the continent’s natural resources, Ben Leyka maintains. He seeks to change this with the African Agri Council.
After a two-year break due to Corona, the doors of the International Green Week (IGW) in Berlin are opening again. From 20th to 29th January, visitors from all over the world can discover, marvel and taste the produce. But the event is not only feasting and fun. The BMZ stand asks questions about where food comes from & where it goes – and in the process becomes a crash test for many habits.
A Year of Multiple Crises: Russian war against Ukraine, extreme weather events, high prices for energy and fertilizer, food crisis had severe implications for food security and agriculture globally and especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. A Transformation of the food systems is needed.
The Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor 2022 (AATM) was published by IFPRI and AKADEMIYA2063. The report analyses the short- and long-term trends and drivers of African agricultural trade flows, including regional policies and the role of global markets.
Since early February 2022, two of the biggest grain and oilseed exporters have been at war. An overview, which countries are affected most severely by the destabilized grain markets, and what comes next.
The Corona pandemic is hitting economies around the world very hard - but developments in African countries are quite diverse. There are different speeds, resiliences and vulnerabilities. What are the reasons for this? Apl. Prof. Jann Lay of the GIGA Institute provides answers.
A contribution by Prof. Dr. Anna-Katharina Hornidge
In the video format "#99SecondsWith" of the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), Prof. Dr Anna - Katharina Hornidge talks about the new Africa-Strategy of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
Four interviews kick off the relaunch under the new name „Food4Transformation“, asking the same questions from different perspectives. "Women and young people need access to land. And they need financial support to cultivate this land." - says Kolyang Palebele, President of the Pan African Farmers Organisation (PAFO).
Four interviews kick off the relaunch under the new name „Food4Transformation“, asking the same questions from different perspectives. Dr Julia Köhn, Chair of the German AgriFood Society, points out in the interview: Only if innovation and transformation are profitable in the medium term can they close the food gap in the long term.
The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) has released a video on the transformation of agricultural and food systems. In the video, Federal Minister Svenja Schulze also speaks about the urgent need to combat global hunger and contribute to resilient agricultural and food systems.
Four interviews kick off the relaunch under the new name „Food4Transformation“, asking the same questions from different perspectives. Dirk Meyer, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, thinks: less individual solutions are needed, but more systemic approaches. Because in addition to the goals for food security, the issues of climate and biodiversity must also be taken into account.
Agrivoltaics is a concept that combines photovoltaic electricity generation and agricultural production, providing the opportunity for a more efficient land use and contributing overall to the integration of food, energy and water systems. This can be particularly interesting for countries in the Global South, where rural electrification rates are often low and food security needs to be improved.
A Contribution by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
At the network meeting "Partners for change - Transformation to a food secure, resilient and sustainable future", almost 250 participants from over 20 countries came together to exchange experiences and ideas on the transformation of agricultural and food systems. The final product, joint recommendations to transform agricultural and food systems, can now be read online.
Halfway through the 2030 Agenda, the BMZ invited participants to a network meeting entitled "Partners for change - Transformation to a food secure, resilient and sustainable future". Experts from around the world developed recommendations in a consultation process and then consolidated them in Berlin. A site visit.
The world is currently experiencing a historic food crisis. High fertiliser prices are part of the problem. In addition to the necessary short-term aid measures, the crisis ought to be made use of to develop and implement longer-term fertiliser strategies for sustainable, in particular smallholder increases in production in the Global South.
Given the urgency of transforming agricultural and food systems, GIZ India's Food Systems and Agroecology Working Group is exploring the potential of agroecology in collaboration with Think20 partners. A policy brief has now been published.
The guiding orientation framework developed by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) summarizes the requirements for the transformation of agriculture and food systems – and identifies principles and approaches for transformative change.
During the Women Leadership Programme in May 2024, around 20 women from African countries and Germany met again for a one-week workshop in Bavaria, Germany to become fit for leadership in their organisations. One topic that concerns the women across countries is climate change, but also violence against women and their discrimination in agriculture.
Africa’s largest youth generation has the potential to transform agriculture sustainably. Young entrepreneurs like Febelsa in Mozambique are building agricultural businesses that fuel local growth.
As a passionate social scientist and entrepreneur from Malawi, Ngabaghila Chatata knows that she can overcome any challenge. Her story stands out in a country faced with high unemployment, particularly in its rural areas. As the managing director of Thanthwe Farms, she has set out to inspire the next generation of young agripreneurs – proving that successful business starts with the right mindset, not only capital.
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