"Without peace, there will be no development"

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What contribution does development cooperation make to conflict prevention? What can it do for sustainable peace? Political scientist Karina Mroß talks to Raphael Thelen about post-conflict societies and their chances for peaceful development.

Ich bin ein Alternativtext
Congolese soldiers plunder food distribution for IDPs under the eyes of the UN in Eastern Congo. Photo: Christoph Püschner/Magazin Focus

By Karina Mroß

Karina Mroß works in research and policy consulting at the German Development Institute (DIE). In the program "Transformation of Political (UN-)Order" she researches peace and democracy promotion in post-conflict societies and has recently completed her doctorate at the University of St.Gallen. In addition to cross-national comparative analyses, she has conducted field research on these topics in Burundi, Liberia, Nepal and Timor-Leste.
 
All contributions

What is the main cause of conflict?  

In the science community, the so-called greed vs grievances debate has been dominating all discussions. That is to say, the question whether or not wars break out because of a struggle for power and resources or because humans experience social inequality and exclusion. Here is what we know by now: More often than not, grievances come before a conflict erupts. Greed plays a bigger role in relation to the continuation of these conflicts. Having said that, these two factors alone do not suffice. It is only a combination of the two that can explain violent conflicts.
But other factors play a role, too. Weak statehood, for example, increases the risk of war, and so do low levels of wealth and well-being. In addition to this, societies that have already experienced one civil war, often find themselves in a “conflict trap” and experience several violent conflicts repeatedly. The political framework and conditions in a country play a key factor when it comes to explaining this.

 

Is preventing conflict one of the tasks of development cooperation?  

Development cooperation can make an important contribution to prevent conflicts and for building lasting peace. If we take a look at what peace promotion entails, then we will see that this is military peacekeeping on the one hand and civilian support on the other hand. The latter can be divided up into four areas: non-military security assistance (e.g. demobilisation of combatants), promoting socio-economic development (e.g. creating jobs and infrastructure), social processing and revision of violent conflict (e.g. through measures for reconciliation or legal reconditioning) as well as promoting democracy and governance (e.g. supporting elections or state-building).

 

Generally speaking, the following can be said: From science we have clear insights that peace troops can reduce the risk of a conflict erupting again. However, research also shows very clearly that other areas are also important. Particularly in the context of democratising post-conflict regions promotion of democracy plays a key role. In particularly difficult situations, however, a combination of all of these efforts is required.

 

It is assumed that high unemployment of young men and the associated lack of prospects increases the potential to recruit potential fighters.

 

If young people make up very large segments of the population, does this represent a threat to peace?  

Combined with high level of unemployment, this view is very common: The logic behind this is that unemployment impedes economic development which, in turn, increases the risk of conflicts erupting once again. The high level of unemployment (especially among young men) – and the lack of prospects that comes with it – is deemed equally as critical because it can increase the risk of recruitment of potential combatants.

 

All these arguments sound plausible, but, in practice, they require a lot of development cooperation projects. However, this assumption has not been proven to be correct by any scientific study. I am not aware that any organisation implementing development cooperation projects has evaluated the effects that projects aimed at creating jobs have on peace-building.

 

Sierra Leone / former child soldiers at school to return to civil society.
Former child soldiers learn at school in order to return to the civil society. Photo: Christoph Püschner/Zeitenspiegel

What is the conclusion?  

We do not know whether or not these projects help to promote peace. This, however, does not mean that they are harmful to peace. Here is what we do know: Growth has to be inclusive. This means that the entire population has to benefit from it in order for it to be considered peace-building measures. If only one population group benefits from growth, then this can do more harm than good. This is why the “Do no harm” principle must be taken into account in all interventions in this context.

 

What can development cooperation do to create   future opportunities for young people?  

Our research show that development cooperation can make major contributions to peace. Post-conflict countries, however, that have not received significant support in the areas of peace promotion mentioned suffered from a renewed outbreak of violence, without exception. The political framework in a country, in particular, legitimate, and inclusive political institutions play an important role, too. International support can play a key role in this, in order to strengthen democratic processes and to reduce conflictive effects.

 

For an example, it is worthwhile to take a look at the relatively successful case of Liberia. Two successive civil wars came to an end in 2003, and since then a great deal of international support has been provided.

 

East Congo / Armored personnel transports of a Pakistani UN unit on patrol. (c) Christoph Püschner/Magazin Focus
Armored personnel transports of a Pakistani UN unit on patrol in Eastern Congo. Photo: Christoph Püschner/Magazin Focus

UN peacekeeping forces play an important role in safeguarding the peace in Liberia. Having said that, it was the strong involvement in development cooperation that has made a significant contribution to build lasting peace, to initiate a peace dividend, and to give people hope that change is possible. Supporting the locally initiated democratisation process had a significant impact when it came to establishing a post-conflict order that would be deemed legitimate by the population. Support of free and fair elections as well as an independent legal system have been able to create mechanisms to peacefully handle conflicts which can occur in any society. Currently, however, a lot of people in the country see in the socio-economic situation, that still remains weak, as a key challenge. This means that, ultimately, both are necessary: Without peace, there is no development. Without development, there is no peace.

 

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The Rice Sector in West Africa: A Political Challenge

New insights on trade and value addition in the rice sector in West Africa

Low import tariffs, smuggling activities, unpredictable tax exemptions and weak enforcement of food safety standards: The potential of local rice value chains is undermined in West African countries.

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The fight against illegal fishing

A Report

The oceans are important for our food supply, but they are overfished. To halt this trend the global community is now taking action against illegal fishing. Journalist Jan Rübel spoke with Francesco Marí, a specialist for world food, agricultural trade and maritime policy at "Brot für die Welt," and others.

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Nutrition is not just a women’s issue

A contribution by GIZ

When women have control over the resources of a household and manage the income, it usually leads to a more balanced and healthier diet for the family. But often the decision-making power lies with the men. How can this gender inequality be addressed? The GIZ global project Food Security and Resilience provides insights into project work on gender-transformative approaches finances by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

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“More of the same is not enough - we need to rethink”

An interview with Dirk Meyer

Four interviews kick off the relaunch under the new name „Food4Transformation“, asking the same questions from different perspectives. Dirk Meyer, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, thinks: less individual solutions are needed, but more systemic approaches. Because in addition to the goals for food security, the issues of climate and biodiversity must also be taken into account.

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Partners for change - Network meeting on transforming agricultural and food systems

A Contribution by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

At the network meeting "Partners for change - Transformation to a food secure, resilient and sustainable future", almost 250 participants from over 20 countries came together to exchange experiences and ideas on the transformation of agricultural and food systems. The final product, joint recommendations to transform agricultural and food systems, can now be read online.

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Just change starts with listening

A Contribution by Jan Rübel

Halfway through the 2030 Agenda, the BMZ invited participants to a network meeting entitled "Partners for change - Transformation to a food secure, resilient and sustainable future". Experts from around the world developed recommendations in a consultation process and then consolidated them in Berlin. A site visit.

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The UNFSS Stocktaking – shadow and a little light

A Contribution by Harry Hoffmann (TMG) & Nathalie Demel (WHH)

At the halfway mark of the 2030 Agenda and two years after the UN Food System Summit 2021, a stocktaking moment was held in Rome to analyze the progress of countries on the commitments to action in transforming food systems. Dr Harry Hoffmann, TMG Think Tank, and Nathalie Demel, Welthungerhilfe, were on site and take stock as well.

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Innovative donor approaches and sustainable finance – A Review of UNFSS+2

A contribution by the Global Donor Platform for Rural Development

Two years following the UN Food Systems Summit, the Global Donor Platform for Rural Development and the Shamba Centre for Food & Climate hosted an official side event at the UNFSS+2. The event explored how public donors can increase the impact of their investments.

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The common thread is the importance of collaboration

A contribution by Scaling Up Nutrition Movement

It takes the joint efforts of diverse actors to achieve a transformative impact on the global food system. Barbara Rehbinder, Scaling Up Nutrition Movement (SUN), discusses four people-centred principles to get closer to this goal.

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Podcast: Fighting world hunger together

Chancellor Angela Merkel in the Podcast of the Federal Government

At the start of World Food Week around World Food Day on 16 October, Chancellor Angela Merkel stressed that the fight against global hunger will only be successful with international responsibility and solidarity (german only).

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Together for food security in Zambia

A Contribution by Claudia Jordan (GIZ)

The Agriculture and Food Security Cluster of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH in Zambia shows how synergies among different projects and partner organisations can help people to eat healthier, diversified food. A delegation of the Bonn based Division of Agriculture and Rural Development learned this in a field visit in the Eastern Province of the Southern African country.

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A Call to Action against Desertification

A contribution by GIZ

Every second, worldwide, we lose valuable and healthy soil with the size of four football fields. This was only one of the many facts being presented to a wide audience in Bonn and worldwide via livestream at the World Desertification and Drought Day on 17th June 2024. This was the 30th anniversary of the United Nations Convention on Combatting Desertification (UNCCD), which was celebrated at the Bundeskunsthalle in Bonn.

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Climate Resilience in the Apple Value Chain

A Contribution by Puneet Bansal

In Himachal Pradesh, India, natural disasters are becoming more frequent and climatic conditions are changing – with negative consequences for apple production and farmers' livelihoods. Holistic and multidimensional innovation bundles are required for the entire value chain in order to make the food system more resilient in the future.

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